Cry1d for controlling corn earworm

ABSTRACT

The subject invention relates in part to the surprising discovery that Cry1Da is active against corn earworm (CEW),  Helicoverpa zea  (Boddie). Methods for using Cry1Da in transgenic plants to prevent serious crop damage is described. Leaf and silk bioassays using transgenic maize expressing full length, core toxin region or chimeric Cry1Da demonstrated good insect protection against CEW larvae damage.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application claims benefits of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/968,703, filed on Mar. 21, 2014. The disclosure of which is expresslyincorporated herein entirely.

BACKGROUND

Cry1Da is a known delta-endotoxin produced by certain species ofBacillus thuringiensis and was first described in U.S. Pat. No.5,691,308. More recently has been reported to be inactive against cornearworm (CEW) by two independent peer reviewed papers: Karim et al.(2000) and Frankenhuyzen (2009). Consequently the following surprisingand unexpected observations directly refutes these published results andclearly shows that Cry1Da has good insecticidal activity against CEWlarvae when the gene is expressed in plants.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The subject invention relates in part to the surprising discovery thatCry1Da is active against corn earworm larvae (CEW), Helicoverpa zea(Boddie). Leaf and silk bioassays using transgenic maize expressing afull length, truncated, and chimeric versions of Cry1Da demonstratedgood insect protection against CEW larvae damage. Further surprising wasthat protection of CEW larvae feeding of maize silk was found to besuperior in transgenic plants expressing truncated Cry1Da as compared tocommercial plants producing Cry1Fa.

CEW is a difficult insect pest to control with Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) proteins, and this is the first described observation wheretransgenic maize expressing Cry1Da demonstrated biological activity toprotect maize silk from feeding damage caused by this insect. Adult CEWmoths typically oviposite their eggs on corn silk, and the newlyemerging larvae feed on corn silk prior to entering the ear. Thus,having insect protectant activity located in maize silk tissues willprovide significant protective effects against feeding damage caused bythis significant and destructive pest of maize.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE

Percent leaf damage activity of non-transformed maize (B-104), YFPexpressing transgenic maize (109812), Herculexl™ maize (HX1), ortransgenic T-1 maize expressing either full length Cry1Da (109840), ortruncated Cry1Da (109841) challenged with CEW larvae.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO: 1 is a DNA fragment having the DIG-911 coding sequence (CDS)

SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid sequence for the DIG-911 protein(Cry1Da2/Cry1Ab chimeric insecticidal toxin, which consists of a coretoxin segment of Cry1Da (amino acids 1 to 594, as disclosed in GENBANKAccession No. 176415.1 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,308) and a protoxinsegment derived from Cry1Ab (DIG-911 amino acids 595 to 1139),essentially as disclosed in GENBANK Accession No. AFK79795.1)

SEQ ID NO:3 is a DNA fragment having the DIG-180 coding sequence (CDS)

SEQ ID NO:4 is the DIG-180 (Cry1Fa2) protein.

SEQ ID NO:5 is a Gateway® (INVITROGEN) entry vector pDAB109825comprising a maize-optimized coding sequence (SEQ ID NO:5) that encodesa Cry1Da2 core toxin insecticidal protein (SEQ ID NO:6).

SEQ ID NO:6 is the Cry1Da2 core toxin insecticidal protein.

SEQ ID NO:7 is a primer for AAD-1; see Table 2

SEQ ID NO:8 is a primer for AAD-1

SEQ ID NO:9 is a probe for AAD-1

SEQ ID NO:10 is a primer for the spectinomycin resistance gene

SEQ ID NO:11 is a primer for the spectinomycin resistance gene

SEQ ID NO:12 is a probe for the spectinomycin resistance gene

SEQ ID NO:13 is a primer for the maize invertase gene

SEQ ID NO:14 is a primer for the maize invertase gene

SEQ ID NO: 15 is a probe for the maize invertase gene

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject invention relates in part to the surprising discovery thatCry1Da is active against corn earworm larvae (CEW), Helicoverpa zea(Boddie). Bioassay results from in vitro diet bioassays showedCry1Da/Cry1Ab protoxin chimera results in significant growth inhibitionand mortality to CEW larvae. A Cry1Da insecticidal protein or toxin isany insecticidal protein comprising the core toxin set forth in SEQ IDNO:6 or variants thereof. Such variants have at least 95% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO:6, preferable 99% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:6.

Leaf and silk bioassays using transgenic maize expressing a truncatedversion of Cry1Da demonstrated good insect protection against CEW larvaedamage. Comparable leaf protection against CEW feeding was observed inboth transgenic maize plants expressing truncated Cry1Da and thecommercial Herculex® I (HX1) product expressing Cry1Fa.

Surprisingly, protection of CEW larvae feeding of maize silk was foundto be superior in transgenic plants expressing truncated Cry1Da ascompared to HX1 plants. Insects feeding on silk tissue from transgenicmaize expressing truncated Cry1Da experienced mortality (˜25%), whichwas numerically better than observed for insects feeding on silk tissuefrom HX1 plants (<10%).

CEW is a difficult insect pest to control with Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) proteins, and this is the first described observation wheretransgenic maize expressing Cry1Da demonstrated biological activity toprotect maize silk from feeding damage caused by this insect. Adult CEWmoths typically oviposite their eggs on corn silk and the newly emerginglarvae feed on corn silk prior to entering the ear. Thus, having insectprotectant activity located in maize silk tissues will providesignificant protective effects against feeding damage caused by thissignificant and destructive pest of maize. Deployment options of thesubject invention include the use of Cry1Da proteins in geographicalregions, including soybean- and corn-growing regions where CEW arepresent and problematic.

The data presented herein demonstrate that Cry1Da is an excellentprotein to control CEW through silk tissues compared to Herculex 1®. Asused herein, the terms “control” and “controlling” include growthinhibition and/or mortality.

A Cry1Da/Cry1Ab protoxin chimera is shown herein to have insecticidalactivity against H. zea in diet insect bioassays. When the truncatedform of Cry1Da was expressed in transgenic maize, it protected theplants from leaf and silk feeding damage caused by either CEW or fallarmyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. These results are surprising asCry1Da was previously reported to not be active against CEW (Karim,2000) and only active against FAW (Van Frankenhuyzen, 2009). The Cry1Dainsecticidal protein is known; however, this invention is a novel andunexpected use of Cry1Da for preventing serious CEW damage to plants,especially crop plants.

Helicoverpa zea has a polyphagous larval feeding habit. It feedspreferably on reproductive structures and growing tissues that arenitrogen-rich, such as the maize silk, ear, cob and tassel, cotton bolland bud, as well as soybean pod. It is a very significant insect (pestto crops) because of plant damage directly impacting the crop yield.Apart from maize, Cry1Da has utility to control this insect species inhigh value crops such as cotton and soybeans, as well as vegetables suchas tomatoes.

Insect resistance management (IRM) describes farming practices used toreduce the potential for insect pests to become resistant to apesticide. IRM is of great importance relative to the use of Cry toxinsin major crop plants because insect resistance poses numerous threats tothe use Cry toxins in transgenic crops. Specific IRM strategies, such asthe high dose and structured refuge have the ability to diminish thelikelihood that insects will develop resistance to certain Cry toxins.Effective IRM practices can reduce the risk of resistance development.

On its website, the United States Environmental Protection Agency(epa.gov/oppbppdl/biopesticides/pips/bt_corn_refuge_2006.htm) publishesthe following requirements for providing refuges made up of non Crytoxin-bearing plants for use with transgenic crops producing a singleCry toxin active against target pests.

-   -   “The specific structured requirements for corn borer-protected        Bt (Cry1 Ab or Cry 1F) corn products are as follows:        -   Structured refuges:            -   20% non-Lepidopteran Bt corn refuge in Corn Belt;            -   50% non-Lepidopteran Bt refuge in Cotton Belt            -   Blocks            -   Internal (i.e., within the Bt field)            -   External (i.e., separate fields within ½ mile (½ mile if                possible) of the Bt field to maximize random mating)            -   In-field Strips            -   Strips must be at least 4 rows wide (preferably 6 rows)                to reduce the effects of larval movement”

In addition, the National Corn Growers Association, on its website:(ncga.com/insect-resistance-management-fact-sheet-bt-corn) also providessimilar guidance regarding the refuge requirements. For example:

-   -   “Requirements of the Corn Borer IRM:        -   Plant at least 20% of your corn acres to refuge hybrids        -   In cotton producing regions, refuge must be 50%        -   Must be planted within ½ mile of the refuge hybrids        -   Refuge can be planted as strips within the Bt field; the            refuge strips must be at least            -   4 rows wide        -   Refuge may be treated with conventional pesticides only if            economic thresholds are reached for target insect        -   Bt-based sprayable insecticides cannot be used on the refuge            corn        -   Appropriate refuge must be planted on every farm with Bt            corn”

There are various ways of providing the IRM effects of a refuge,including various geometric planting patterns in the fields (asmentioned above) and in-bag seed mixtures, as discussed further by Roushet al. (supra), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,962.

Insect Toxins, and Insect Active Variants

In addition to the specifically exemplified genes and proteins asdiscussed herein, included are insecticidally active variants.

By the term “variant”, applicants intend to include fragments, certaindeletion and insertion mutants, and certain fusion proteins. The Cry1Daprotein is a classic three-domain Cry toxin. As a preface to describingvariants of the Cry1Da insect toxin that are included in the invention,it will be useful to briefly review the architecture of three-domain Crytoxins in general and of the Cry1Da insect toxin.

A majority of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin crystal proteinmolecules are composed of two functional segments. Theprotease-resistant core toxin is the first segment and corresponds toabout the first half of the protein molecule. The full ˜130 kDa protoxinmolecule is rapidly processed to the resistant core segment by proteasesin the insect gut. The segment that is deleted by this processing willbe referred to herein as the “protoxin segment.” The protoxin segment isbelieved to participate in toxin crystal formation (Arvidson et al.,(1989). The protoxin segment may thus convey a partial insectspecificity for the toxin by limiting the accessibility of the core tothe insect by reducing the protease processing of the toxin molecule(Haider et al., (1986) or by reducing toxin solubility (Aronson et al.,(1991). B.t. toxins, even within a certain class, vary to some extent inlength and in the precise location of the transition from the core toxinportion to protoxin portion. The transition from core toxin portion toprotoxin portion will typically occur at between about 50% to about 60%of the full length toxin.

Three dimensional crystal structures have been determined for Cry1Aa1,Cry2Aa1, Cry3Aa1, Cry3Bb1, Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba and Cry8Ea1. These structuresfor the core toxins are remarkably similar and are comprised of threedistinct domains (reviewed in de Maagd et al., 2003).

Insect Toxin Variants Created by Making a Limited Number of Amino AcidDeletions, Substitutions, or Additions

Amino acid deletions, substitutions, and additions to the exemplifiedamino acid sequences can readily be made in a sequential manner and theeffects of such variations on insecticidal activity can be tested bybioassay. Provided the number of changes is limited in number, suchtesting does not involve unreasonable experimentation. The inventionincludes insecticidally active variants of the core toxin in which up to10, up to 15, or up to 20 amino acid additions, deletions, orsubstitutions have been made.

Included are Cry1Da insecticidally active variants that are, includingthose having a core toxin segment that is, at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to an exemplified amino acid sequence as used herein.Also included are similar active proteins having at least 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, or 94% identity with an exemplified sequence.

According to official nomenclature procedures, Cry and B.t. nomenclatureis based on boundaries of approximately 95% (Cry1Da's, for example), 78%(Cry1D's), and 45% (Cry1's) sequence identity, per “Revision of theNomenclature for the Bacillus thuringiensis Pesticidal CrystalProteins,” N. Crickmore, D. R. Zeigler, J. Feitelson, E. Schnepf, J. VanRie, D. Lereclus, J. Baum, and D. H. Dean. Microbiology and MolecularBiology Reviews (1998) Vol 62: 807-813.

Variants may be made by making random mutations or the variants may bedesigned. In the case of designed mutants, there is a high probabilityof generating variants with similar activity to the native toxin whenamino acid identity is maintained in critical regions of the toxin whichaccount for biological activity or are involved in the determination ofthree-dimensional configuration which ultimately is responsible for thebiological activity. A high probability of retaining activity will alsooccur if substitutions are conservative. Amino acids may be placed inthe following classes: non-polar, uncharged polar, basic, and acidic.Conservative substitutions whereby an amino acid of one class isreplaced with another amino acid of the same type are least likely tomaterially alter the biological activity of the variant. The followinglists of examples of amino acids belonging to each class.

Class of Amino Add Examples of Amino Acids Nonpolar Side Chains Ala,Val, Leu, lie, Pro, Met, Phe, Trp Uncharged Polar Side Chains Gly, Ser,Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, Gin Acidic Side Chains Asp, Glu Basic Side ChainsLys, Arg, His Beta-branched Side Chains Thr, Val, lie Aromatic SideChains Tyr, Phe, Trp, His

In some instances, non-conservative substitutions can also be made. Thecritical factor is that these substitutions must not significantlydetract from the biological activity of the toxin. Variants includepolypeptides that differ in amino acid sequence due to mutagenesis.Variant proteins encompassed by the present invention are biologicallyactive, that is they continue to possess the desired biological activityof the native protein, that is, retaining pesticidal activity.

Variant proteins can also be designed that differ at the sequence levelbut that retain the same or similar overall essential three-dimensionalstructure, surface charge distribution, and the like. See e.g. U.S. Pat.No. 7,058,515; Larson et al., (2002); Stemmer (1994a, 1994b, 1995); andCrameri et al., (1996a, 1996b, 1997).

Nucleic Acids

Isolated nucleic acids encoding Cry1Da insect toxins are one aspect ofthe present invention. This includes the subject novel uses of nucleicacids encoding SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQ ID NO:6, andcomplements thereof, as well as other nucleic acids that encodeinsecticidally active variants. By “isolated” applicants mean that thenucleic acid molecules have been removed from their native environmentand have been placed in a different environment by the hand of man.Because of the redundancy of the genetic code, a variety of differentDNA sequences can encode the amino acid sequences disclosed herein. Itis well within the skill of a person trained in the art to create thesealternative DNA sequences encoding the same, or essentially the same,toxins.

Coding sequences of the subject invention can be operably linked to aheterologous promoter, including a non-B.t. promoter. Such sequences canbe included in expression constructs, transformation cassettes, andexpression cassettes including those as present reproducibly in a plantgenome, for example.

Gene Synthesis

Genes encoding the improved Cry proteins described herein can be made bya variety of methods well-known in the art. For example, synthetic genesegments and synthetic genes can be made by phosphite tri-ester andphosphoramidite chemistry (Caruthers et al, 1987), and commercialvendors are available to perform gene synthesis on demand. Full-lengthgenes can be assembled in a variety of ways including, for example, byligation of restriction fragments or polymerase chain reaction assemblyof overlapping oligonucleotides (Stewart and Burgin, 2005). Further,terminal gene deletions can be made by PCR amplification usingsite-specific terminal oligonucleotides.

Nucleic acids encoding Cry1Da insect toxins can be made for example, bysynthetic construction by methods currently practiced by any of severalcommercial suppliers. (See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,482,119 B2).These genes, or portions or variants thereof, may also be constructedsynthetically, for example, by use of a gene synthesizer and the designmethods of, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,831. Alternatively,variations of synthetic or naturally occurring genes may be readilyconstructed using standard molecular biological techniques for makingpoint mutations. Fragments of these genes can also be made usingcommercially available exonucleases or endonucleases according tostandard procedures. For example, enzymes such as Ba131 or site-directedmutagenesis can be used to systematically cut off nucleotides from theends of these genes. Also, gene fragments which encode active toxinfragments may be obtained using a variety of restriction enzymes.

Given the amino acid sequence for a Cry1Da insect toxin, a codingsequence can be designed by reverse translating the amino acid sequenceusing codons preferred by the intended host, and then refining thesequence using alternative codons to remove sequences that might causeproblems and provide periodic stop codons to eliminate long open codingsequences in the non-coding reading frames.

Quantifying Sequence Identity

To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences or of twonucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparisonpurposes. The percent identity between the two sequences is a functionof the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e.percent identity=number of identical positions/total number of positions(e.g. overlapping positions)×100). In one embodiment, the two sequencesare the same length. The percent identity between two sequences can bedetermined using techniques similar to those described below, with orwithout allowing gaps. In calculating percent identity, typically exactmatches are counted.

The determination of percent identity between two sequences can beaccomplished using a mathematical algorithm. A nonlimiting example ofsuch an algorithm is that of Altschul et al. (1990), and Karlin andAltschul (1990), modified as in Karlin and Altschul (1993), andincorporated into the BLASTN and BLASTX programs. BLAST searches may beconveniently used to identify sequences homologous (similar) to a querysequence in nucleic or protein databases. BLASTN searches can beperformed, (score=100, word length=12) to identify nucleotide sequenceshaving homology to claimed nucleic acid molecules of the invention.BLASTX searches can be performed (score=50, word length=3) to identifyamino acid sequences having homology to claimed insecticidal proteinmolecules of the invention.

Gapped BLAST Altschul et al., (1997) can be utilized to obtain gappedalignments for comparison purposes, Alternatively, PSI-Blast can be usedto perform an iterated search that detects distant relationships betweenmolecules Altschul et al., (1997). When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST,and PSI-Blast programs, the default parameters of the respectiveprograms can be used. See www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

A non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for thecomparison of sequences is the ClustalW algorithm (Thompson et al.,(1994). ClustalW compares sequences and aligns the entirety of the aminoacid or DNA sequence, and thus can provide data about the sequenceconservation of the entire amino acid sequence or nucleotide sequence.The ClustalW algorithm is used in several commercially availableDNA/amino acid analysis software packages, such as the ALIGNX module ofthe Vector NTI Program Suite (Invitrogen, Inc., Carlsbad, Calif.). Whenaligning amino acid sequences with ALIGNX, one may conveniently use thedefault settings with a Gap open penalty of 10, a Gap extend penalty of0.1 and the blosum63mt2 comparison matrix to assess the percent aminoacid similarity (consensus) or identity between the two sequences. Whenaligning DNA sequences with ALIGNX, one may conveniently use the defaultsettings with a Gap open penalty of 15, a Gap extend penalty of 6.6 andthe swgapdnamt comparison matrix to assess the percent identity betweenthe two sequences.

Another non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized forthe comparison of sequences is that of Myers and Miller (1988). Such analgorithm is incorporated into the wSTRETCHER program, which is part ofthe wEMBOSS sequence alignment software package (available athttp://emboss.sourceforge.net/). wSTRETCHER calculates an optimal globalalignment of two sequences using a modification of the classic dynamicprogramming algorithm which uses linear space. The substitution matrix,gap insertion penalty and gap extension penalties used to calculate thealignment may be specified. When utilizing the wSTRETCHER program forcomparing nucleotide sequences, a Gap open penalty of 16 and a Gapextend penalty of 4 can be used with the scoring matrix file EDNAFULL.When used for comparing amino acid sequences, a Gap open penalty of 12and a Gap extend penalty of 2 can be used with the EBLOSUM62 scoringmatrix file.

A further non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized forthe comparison of sequences is that of Needleman and Wunsch (1970),which is incorporated in the sequence alignment software packages GAPVersion 10 and wNEEDLE (http://emboss.sourceforge.net/). GAP Version 10may be used to determine sequence identity or similarity using thefollowing parameters: for a nucleotide sequence, % identity and %similarity are found using GAP Weight of 50 and Length Weight of 3, andthe nwsgapdna. cmp scoring matrix. For amino acid sequence comparison, %identity or % similarity are determined using GAP weight of 8 and lengthweight of 2, and the BLOSUM62 scoring program.

wNEEDLE reads two input sequences, finds the optimum alignment(including gaps) along their entire length, and writes their optimalglobal sequence alignment to file. The algorithm explores all possiblealignments and chooses the best, using .a scoring matrix that containsvalues for every possible residue or nucleotide match. wNEEDLE finds thealignment with the maximum possible score, where the score of analignment is equal to the sum of the matches taken from the scoringmatrix, minus penalties arising from opening and extending gaps in thealigned sequences. The substitution matrix and gap opening and extensionpenalties are user-specified. When amino acid sequences are compared, adefault Gap open penalty of 10, a Gap extend penalty of 0.5, and theEBLOSUM62 comparison matrix are used. When DNA sequences are comparedusing wNEEDLE, a Gap open penalty of 10, a Gap extend penalty of 0.5,and the EDNAFULL comparison matrix are used.

Equivalent programs may also be used. By “equivalent program” isintended any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences inquestion, generates an alignment having identical nucleotide or aminoacid residue matches and an identical percent sequence identity whencompared to the corresponding alignment generated by ALIGNX, wNEEDLE, orwSTRETCHER. The % identity is the percentage of identical matchesbetween the two sequences over the reported aligned region (includingany gaps in the length) and the % similarity is the percentage ofmatches between the two sequences over the reported aligned region(including any gaps in the length).

Alignment may also be performed manually by inspection.

Recombinant Hosts

The insect toxin-encoding genes of the subject invention can beintroduced into a wide variety of microbial or plant hosts. Expressionof the insect toxin gene results, directly or indirectly, in theintracellular production and maintenance of the pesticidal protein. Withsuitable microbial hosts, e.g. Pseudomonas, the microbes can be appliedto the environment of the pest, where they will proliferate and beingested. The result is a control of the pest. Alternatively, themicrobe hosting the insect toxin gene can be treated under conditionsthat prolong the activity of the toxin and stabilize the cell. Thetreated cell, which retains the toxic activity, then can be applied tothe environment of the target pest. Non-regenerable/non-totipotent plantcells from a plant of the subject invention (comprising at least one ofthe subject Cry toxin genes) are included within the subject invention.

Where the B.t. toxin gene is introduced via a suitable vector into amicrobial host, and said host is applied to the environment in a livingstate, it is essential that certain host microbes be used. Microorganismhosts are selected which are known to occupy the “phytosphere”(phylloplane, phyllosphere, rhizosphere, and/or rhizoplane) of one ormore crops of interest. These microorganisms are selected so as to becapable of successfully competing in the particular environment (cropand other insect habitats) with the wild-type indigenous microorganisms,provide for stable maintenance and expression of the gene expressing thepolypeptide pesticide, and, desirably, provide for improved protectionof the pesticide from environmental degradation and inactivation.

A large number of microorganisms are known to inhabit the phylloplane(the surface of the plant leaves) and/or the rhizosphere (the soilsurrounding plant roots) of a wide variety of important crops. Thesemicroorganisms include bacteria, algae, and fungi. Of particularinterest are microorganisms, such as bacteria, e.g. genera Pseudomonas,Erwinia, Serratia, Klebsiella, Xanthomonas, Streptomyces, Rhizobium,Sinorhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Methylophilius, Agrobacterium,Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Arthrobacter, Azotobacter, Leuconostoc, andAlcaligenes; fungi, particularly yeast, e.g. genera Saccharomyces,Cryptococcus, Kluyveromyces, Sporobolomyces, Rhodotorula, andAureobasidium. Of particular interest are such phytosphere bacterialspecies as Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratiamarcescens, Acetobacter xylinum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens,Agrobacterium radiobacter, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, Xanthomonascampestris, Sinorhizobium meliloti (formerly Rhizobium meliloti),Alcaligenes eutrophus, and Azotobacter vinelandii; and phytosphere yeastspecies such as Rhodotorula rubra, R. glutinis, R. marina, R.aurantiaca, Cryptococcus albidus, C. diffluens, C. laurentii,Saccharomyces rosei, S. pretoriensis, S. cerevisiae, Sporobolomycesroseus, S. odorus, Kluyveromyces veronae, and Aureobasidium pollulans.Of particular interest are the pigmented microorganisms.

Methods of Controlling Insect Pests.

When an insect comes into contact with an effective amount of toxindelivered via transgenic plant expression, formulated proteincompositions(s), sprayable protein composition(s), a bait matrix orother delivery system, the results are typically death of the insect, orthe insects do not feed upon the source which makes the toxins availableto the insects.

The subject protein toxins can be “applied” or provided to contact thetarget insects in a variety of ways. For example, transgenic plants(wherein the protein is produced by and present in the plant) can beused and are well-known in the art. Expression of the toxin genes canalso be achieved selectively in specific tissues of the plants, such asthe roots, leaves, etc. This can be accomplished via the use oftissue-specific promoters, for example. Spray-on applications areanother example and are also known in the art. The subject proteins canbe appropriately formulated for the desired end use, and then sprayed(or otherwise applied) onto the plant and/or around the plant/to thevicinity of the plant to be protected—before an infestation isdiscovered, after target insects are discovered, both before and after,and the like. Bait granules, for example, can also be used and are knownin the art.

Transgenic Plants.

The subject proteins can be used to protect practically any type ofplant from damage by an insect pest. Examples of such plants includemaize, sunflower, soybean, cotton, canola, rice, sorghum, wheat, barley,vegetables, ornamentals, peppers (including hot peppers), sugar beets,fruit, and turf, to name but a few. Methods for transforming plants arewell known in the art, and illustrative transformation methods aredescribed in the Examples.

A preferred embodiment of the subject invention is the transformation ofplants with genes encoding the subject insecticidal protein or itsvariants. The transformed plants are resistant to attack by an insecttarget pest by virtue of the presence of controlling amounts of thesubject insecticidal protein or its variants in the cells of thetransformed plant. By incorporating genetic material that encodes theinsecticidal properties of the B.t. insecticidal toxins into the genomeof a plant eaten by a particular insect pest, the adult or larvae woulddie after consuming the food plant. Numerous members of themonocotyledonous and dicotyledonous classifications have beentransformed. Transgenic agronomic crops as well as fruits and vegetablesare of commercial interest. Such crops include but are not limited tomaize, rice, soybeans, canola, sunflower, alfalfa, sorghum, wheat,cotton, peanuts, tomatoes, potatoes, and the like. Several techniquesexist for introducing foreign genetic material into plant cells, and forobtaining plants that stably maintain and express the introduced gene.Such techniques include acceleration of genetic material coated ontomicroparticles directly into cells (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050 and5,141,131). Plants may be transformed using Agrobacterium technology,see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,177,010, 5,104,310, European Patent Application No.0131624B1, European Patent Application No. 120516, European PatentApplication No. 159418B1, European Patent Application No. 176112, U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,149,645, 5,469,976, 5,464,763, 4,940,838, 4,693,976,European Patent Application No. 116718, European Patent Application No.290799, European Patent Application No. 320500, European PatentApplication No. 604662, European Patent Application No. 627752, EuropeanPatent Application No. 0267159, European Patent Application No. 0292435,U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,231,019, 5,463,174, 4,762,785, 5,004,863, and5,159,135. Other transformation technology includes WHISKERS™technology, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,523 and 5,464,765. Electroporationtechnology has also been used to transform plants, see WO 87/06614, U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,472,869, 5,384,253, WO 9209696, and WO 9321335. All of thesetransformation patents and publications are incorporated by reference.In addition to numerous technologies for transforming plants, the typeof tissue which is contacted with the foreign genes may vary as well.Such tissue would include but would not be limited to embryogenictissue, callus tissue type I and II, hypocotyl, meristem, and the like.Almost all plant tissues may be transformed during dedifferentiationusing appropriate techniques within the skill of an artisan.

Genes encoding Cry1Da insecticidal toxins can be inserted into plantcells using a variety of techniques which are well known in the art asdisclosed above. For example, a large number of cloning vectorscomprising a marker that permits selection of the transformed microbialcells and a replication system functional in Escherichia coli areavailable for preparation and modification of foreign genes forinsertion into higher plants. Such manipulations may include, forexample, the insertion of mutations, truncations, additions, orsubstitutions as desired for the intended use. The vectors comprise, forexample, pBR322, pUC series, M13mp series, pACYC184, etc. Accordingly,the sequence encoding the Cry protein or variants can be inserted intothe vector at a suitable restriction site. The resulting plasmid is usedfor transformation of E. coli, the cells of which are cultivated in asuitable nutrient medium, then harvested and lysed so that workablequantities of the plasmid are recovered. Sequence analysis, restrictionfragment analysis, electrophoresis, and other biochemical-molecularbiological methods are generally carried out as methods of analysis.After each manipulation, the DNA sequence used can be cleaved and joinedto the next DNA sequence. Each manipulated DNA sequence can be cloned inthe same or other plasmids.

The use of T-DNA-containing vectors for the transformation of plantcells has been intensively researched and sufficiently described inEuropean Patent Application No. 120516; Lee and Gelvin (2008), Fraley etal., (1986), and An et al., (1985), and is well established in thefield.

Once the inserted DNA has been integrated into the plant genome, it isrelatively stable throughout subsequent generations. The vector used totransform the plant cell normally contains a selectable marker geneencoding a protein that confers on the transformed plant cellsresistance to a herbicide or an antibiotic, such as bialaphos,kanamycin, G418, bleomycin, or hygromycin, inter alia. The individuallyemployed selectable marker gene should accordingly permit the selectionof transformed cells while the growth of cells that do not contain theinserted DNA is suppressed by the selective compound.

A large number of techniques are available for inserting DNA into a hostplant cell. Those techniques include transformation with T-DNA deliveredby Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes as thetransformation agent. Additionally, fusion of plant protoplasts withliposomes containing the DNA to be delivered, direct injection of theDNA, biolistics transformation (microparticle bombardment), orelectroporation, as well as other possible methods, may be employed.

In a preferred embodiment of the subject invention, plants will betransformed with genes wherein the codon usage of the protein codingregion has been optimized for plants. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.5,380,831, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Also,advantageously, plants encoding a truncated toxin will be used. Thetruncated toxin typically will encode about 55% to about 80% of the fulllength toxin. Methods for creating synthetic B.t. genes for use inplants are known in the art (Stewart 2007).

Regardless of transformation technique, the gene is preferablyincorporated into a gene transfer vector adapted to express the B.t.insecticidal toxin genes and variants in the plant cell by including inthe vector a plant promoter. In addition to plant promoters, promotersfrom a variety of sources can be used efficiently in plant cells toexpress foreign genes. For example, promoters of bacterial origin, suchas the octopine synthase promoter, the nopaline synthase promoter, themannopine synthase promoter; promoters of viral origin, such as the 35Sand 19S promoters of cauliflower mosaic virus, and the like may be used.Plant promoters include, but are not limited toribulose-1,6-bisphosphate (RUBP) carboxylase small subunit (ssu),beta-conglycinin promoter, phaseolin promoter, ADH (alcoholdehydrogenase) promoter, heat-shock promoters, ADF (actindepolymerization factor) promoter, and tissue specific promoters.Promoters may also contain certain enhancer sequence elements that mayimprove the transcription efficiency. Typical enhancers include but arenot limited to ADH1-intron 1 and ADH1-intron 6. Constitutive promotersmay be used. Constitutive promoters direct continuous gene expression innearly all cells types and at nearly all times (e.g., actin, ubiquitin,CaMV 35S). Tissue specific promoters are responsible for gene expressionin specific cell or tissue types, such as the leaves or seeds (e.g.,zein, oleosin, napin, ACP (Acyl Carrier Protein)), and these promotersmay also be used. Promoters may also be used that are active during acertain stage of the plants' development as well as active in specificplant tissues and organs. Examples of such promoters include but are notlimited to promoters that are root specific, pollen-specific, embryospecific, corn silk specific, cotton fiber specific, seed endospermspecific, phloem specific, and the like.

Under certain circumstances it may be desirable to use an induciblepromoter. An inducible promoter is responsible for expression of genesin response to a specific signal, such as: physical stimulus (e.g. heatshock genes); light (e.g. RUBP carboxylase); hormone (e.g.glucocorticoid); antibiotic (e.g. tetracycline); metabolites; and stress(e.g. drought). Other desirable transcription and translation elementsthat function in plants may be used, such as 5′ untranslated leadersequences, RNA transcription termination sequences and poly-adenylateaddition signal sequences. Numerous plant-specific gene transfer vectorsare known to the art.

Transgenic crops containing insect resistance (IR) traits are prevalentin corn and cotton plants throughout North America, and usage of thesetraits is expanding globally. Commercial transgenic crops combining IRand herbicide tolerance (HT) traits have been developed by multiple seedcompanies. These include combinations of IR traits conferred by B.t.insecticidal proteins and HT traits such as tolerance to AcetolactateSynthase (ALS) inhibitors such as sulfonylureas, imidazolinones,triazolopyrimidine, sulfonanilides, and the like, Glutamine Synthetase(GS) inhibitors such as bialaphos, glufosinate, and the like,4-HydroxyPhenylPyruvate Dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors such asmesotrione, isoxaflutole, and the like,5-EnolPyruvylShikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase (EPSPS) inhibitors such asglyphosate and the like, and Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase (ACCase)inhibitors such as haloxyfop, quizalofop, diclofop, and the like. Otherexamples are known in which transgenically provided proteins provideplant tolerance to herbicide chemical classes such as phenoxy acidsherbicides and pyridyloxyacetates auxin herbicides (see WO 2007/053482A2), or phenoxy acids herbicides and aryloxyphenoxypropionatesherbicides (see WO 2005107437 A2, A3). The ability to control multiplepest problems through IR traits is a valuable commercial productconcept, and the convenience of this product concept is enhanced ifinsect control traits and weed control traits are combined in the sameplant. Further, improved value may be obtained via single plantcombinations of IR traits conferred by a B.t. insecticidal protein suchas that of the subject invention with one or more additional HT traitssuch as those mentioned above, plus one or more additional input traits(e.g. other insect resistance conferred by B.t.-derived or otherinsecticidal proteins, insect resistance conferred by mechanisms such asRNAi and the like, disease resistance, stress tolerance, improvednitrogen utilization, and the like), or output traits (e.g. high oilscontent, healthy oil composition, nutritional improvement, and thelike). Such combinations may be obtained either through conventionalbreeding (breeding stack) or jointly as a novel transformation eventinvolving the simultaneous introduction of multiple genes (molecularstack). Benefits include the ability to manage insect pests and improvedweed control in a crop plant that provides secondary benefits to theproducer and/or the consumer. Thus, the subject invention can be used incombination with other traits to provide a complete agronomic package ofimproved crop quality with the ability to flexibly and cost effectivelycontrol any number of agronomic issues.

All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, andpublications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by referencein their entirety to the extent they are not inconsistent with theexplicit teachings of this specification.

Unless specifically indicated or implied, the terms “a”, “an”, and “the”signify “at least one” as used herein.

Following are examples that illustrate procedures for practicing theinvention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. Allpercentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are byvolume unless otherwise noted. All temperatures are in degrees Celsius.

Example 1 Construction of Plasmids Encoding DIG-911 and DIG-180, andExpression in Bacterial Hosts

DIG-911 protein (Cry1Da2/Cry1Ab chimeric insecticidal toxin; SEQ IDNO:2) consists of a core toxin segment of Cry1Da (amino acids 1 to 594,as disclosed in GENBANK Accession No. 176415.1 and U.S. Pat. No.5,691,308) and a protoxin segment derived from Cry1Ab (DIG-911 aminoacids 595 to 1139), essentially as disclosed in GENBANK Accession No.AFK79795.1). The use of the Cry1Da core toxin segment in combinationswith other Cry or Vip insecticidal toxins has been previously disclosedin U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20130007923, 20120331590,20120331589, and 20120317681, but the use of Cry1Da insecticidal proteinto control Corn Earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)) is notcontemplated.

Unless otherwise indicated, molecular biological and biochemicalmanipulations described in this and subsequent EXAMPLES were performedby standard methodologies as disclosed in, for example, Sambrook et al.,eds. (1989 and updates, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2^(nd)ed.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.), Ausubel etal., eds. (1995 and updates, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology.Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York) and Harlow & Lane,eds. (1988, and updates, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. Cold SpringHarbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Standard cloning methodswere used in the construction of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) expressionplasmids engineered to produce DIG-911 and DIG-180 (i.e. Cry1Fa2; SEQ IDNO:4) proteins. Plasmid preparations were performed using the NUCLEOSPINPLASMID KIT (MACHEREY-NAGEL Inc, Bethlehem, Pa.), following the low-copyplasmid isolation instructions of the supplier.

The basic cloning strategy entailed subcloning a DNA fragment having theDIG-911 or DIG-180 coding sequence (CDS), as provided by SEQ ID NO:1 andSEQ ID NO:3, respectively, into pDOW1169 at SpeI or XbaI, and XhoI orSalI restriction sites, whereby the DIG-911 and DIG-180 CDS was placedunder the expression control of the Ptac promoter and the rrnBT1T2terminator from plasmid pKK223-3 (PL PHARMACIA, Milwaukee, Wis.).pDOW1169 is a medium copy plasmid with the RSF1010 origin of replicationand a pyrF gene (U.S. Pat. No. 7,618,799). DNA fragments comprisingprotein coding region sequences may be cloned into pDOW1169 DNA at arestriction site downstream of a ribosome binding site present withinthe pDOW1169 sequence, or, alternatively, a separate ribosome bindingsite may be introduced as a sequence present on the coding regionfragment upstream of the protein coding region. DNA of the expressionplasmid pDOW2848 (DIG-911) was transformed by electroporation into DC454cells (a near wild-type P. fluorescens strain having mutations ΔpyrF andlsc::lacIQI), and pDAB1817 DNA (DIG-180) was transformed into MB214cells). Transformed cells were allowed to recover in SOC-Soy hydrolysatemedium, and then plated on selective media (M9 glucose agar lackinguracil or on LB medium containing tetracycline at appropriateconcentrations; Sambrook et al., supra). Details of the microbiologicalmanipulations for P. fluorescens are available in Squires et al. (2004),U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,985,564, 7,681,799, and U.S. Patent Application No.20080058262, incorporated herein by reference. Recombinant colonies wereidentified by restriction digestion of miniprep plasmid DNA.

Growth and Expression Analysis in Shake Flasks.

Production of DIG-911 and DIG-180 proteins for characterization andinsect bioassay was accomplished by shake-flask-grown P. fluorescensstrain DPf150 (harboring plasmid pDOW2848) or strain Dpf129 (harboringplasmid pDAB1817). Seed cultures grown in M9 medium supplemented with 1%glucose and trace elements were used to inoculate 50 mL of definedminimal medium with 5% glycerol (TEKNOVA Cat. #3D7426, Hollister,Calif.). Expression of the DIG-911 or DIG-180 genes via the Ptacpromoter was induced by addition ofisopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) after an initial incubationof 24 hours at 30° with shaking. Cultures were sampled at the time ofinduction and at various times post-induction. Cell density was measuredby optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀). Other culture media suitable forgrowth of Pseudomonas fluorescens may also be utilized, for example, asdescribed in Huang et al. (2007, Prot

Cell Fractionation and SDS-PAGE Analysis of Shake Flask Samples.

At each sampling time 2 mL aliquots were centrifuged at 14000×g for fiveminutes, and the cell pellets were stored at −80°. For proteinextraction, the pellets were thawed and suspended in 0.5 mL of phosphatebuffer pH7.2. Cells were lysed by sonication using a BRANSON 250SONIFIER (BRANSON ULTRASONICS, Danbury Conn.) using a ⅛ inch diametermicro tip with a constant output of 20 units. Two 45 second bursts wereused with several minutes of cooling the sample on ice between bursts.After the lysate was fractionated by centrifugation in a microfuge for 5minutes at 14,000 rpm, the supernatant (soluble fraction) was removedand the pellet was suspended in 0.5 ml of phosphate buffer (insolublefraction).

Samples were mixed 1:3 with 4× Laemmli sample buffer containing[3-mercaptoethanol (Sambrook et al., supra) and boiled for 5 minutesprior to loading onto a NOVEX® 4-20% Tris Glycine SDS polyacrylamide gel(INVITROGEN, Carlsbad, Calif.). Electrophoresis was performed in TrisGlycine NOVEX® running buffer (INVITROGEN). Gels were stained withBIO-SAFE Coomassie Stain according to the manufacturer's (BIO-RAD Inc.,Hercules, Calif.) protocol.

Inclusion Body Preparation.

Cry protein inclusion body (TB) preparations were performed on cellsfrom P. fluorescens fermentations that produced insoluble B.t.insecticidal protein, as demonstrated by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-MS (MatrixAssisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry). P. fluorescensfermentation pellets were thawed in a 37° water bath. The cells wereresuspended to 25% w/v in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl,20 mM EDTA disodium salt (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 1% TritonX-100, and 5 mM Dithiothreitol (DTT); 5 mL/L of bacterial proteaseinhibitor cocktail (P8465 SIGMA-ALDRICH, St. Louis, Mo.) were added justprior to use. Thorough suspension was obtained using a hand-heldhomogenizer at lowest setting (TISSUE TEAROR™, BIOSPEC PRODUCTS, Inc.,Bartlesville, Okla.). Lysozyme (25 mg of SIGMA L7651, from chicken eggwhite) was added to the cell suspension by mixing with a metal spatula,and the suspension was incubated at room temperature for one hour. Thesuspension was cooled on ice for 15 minutes, then sonicated using aBRANSON 250 SONIFIER (two 1-minute sessions, at 50% duty cycle, 30%output). Cell lysis was checked by microscopy. An additional 25 mg oflysozyme were added if necessary, and the incubation and sonication wererepeated. When cell lysis was confirmed via microscopy, the lysate wascentrifuged at 11,500×g for 25 minutes (4°) to form the IB pellet, andthe supernatant was discarded. The IB pellet was resuspended with 100 mLlysis buffer, homogenized with the hand-held mixer and centrifuged asabove. The IB pellet was repeatedly washed by resuspension (in 50 mLlysis buffer), homogenization, sonication, and centrifugation until thesupernatant became colorless and the IB pellet became firm and off-whitein color. For the final wash, the IB pellet was resuspended insterile-filtered (0.22 μm) distilled water containing 2 mM EDTA, andcentrifuged. The final pellet was resuspended in sterile—

Solubilization of Inclusion Bodies.

Six mL of inclusion body suspensions from Pf isolates DPf150 or Dpf129(containing about 30 mg/mL of DIG-911 or DIG-180 protein) werecentrifuged on the highest setting of a microfuge (approximately14,000×g) to pellet the inclusions. The storage buffer supernatant wasremoved and replaced with 25 mL of 100 mM sodium carbonate buffer, pH11,in a 50 mL conical tube. Inclusions were resuspended using a pipette andvortexed to mix thoroughly. The tube was placed on a gently rockingplatform at 4° overnight to extract the target protein. The extract wascentrifuged at 30,000×g for 30 min at 4°, and the resulting supernatantwas concentrated 5-fold using an AMICON ULTRA-15 regenerated cellulosecentrifugal filter device (30,000 Molecular Weight Cutoff; MILLIPORE).The sample buffer was then changed to 10 mM CAPS(3-(cyclohexamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid) pH10, using disposable PD-10columns (GE HEALTHCARE, Piscataway, N.J.).

SDS-PAGE analysis and quantitation of protein in IB preparations weredone by thawing a 1 mL aliquot of IB pellet and diluting 1:20 withsterile-filtered distilled water. The diluted sample was then boiledwith 4× reducing sample buffer (250 mM Tris, pH6.8, 40% glycerol (v/v),0.4% Bromophenol Blue (w/v), 8% SDS (w/v) and 8% β-Mercapto-ethanol(v/v)) and loaded onto a NOVEX@ 4-20% Tris-Glycine, 12+2 well gel(INVITROGEN) run with 1× Tris/Glycine/SDS buffer (BIO-RAD). The gel wasrun for approximately 60 min at 200 volts then stained with CoomassieBlue (50% G-250/50% R-250 in 45% methanol, 10% acetic acid), anddestained with 7% acetic acid, 5% methanol in distilled water.Quantification of target bands was done by comparing densitometricvalues for the bands against Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) samples run onthe same gel to generate a standard curve. The concentrated extract wasprepared for electrophoresis by diluting 1:50 in NuPAGE® LDS samplebuffer (INVITROGEN) containing 5 mM dithiothreitol as a reducing agentand heated at 95° for 4 minutes. The sample was loaded in duplicatelanes of a 4-12% NuPAGE® gel alongside five BSA standards ranging from0.2 to 2 μg/lane (for standard curve generation). Voltage was applied at200V using MOPS SDS running buffer (INVITROGEN) until the tracking dyereached the bottom of the gel. The gel was stained with 0.2% CoomassieBlue G-250 in 45% methanol, 10% acetic acid, and destained, firstbriefly with 45% methanol, 10% acetic acid, and then at length with 7%acetic acid, 5% methanol until the background cleared. Followingdestaining, the gel was scanned with a BIO-RAD FLUOR-S MULTIIMAGER. Theinstrument's QUANTITY ONE v.4.5.2 Software was used to obtainbackground-subtracted volumes of the stained protein bands and togenerate the BSA standard curve that was used to calculate theconcentration of DIG-911 or DIG-180 protein in the stock solution.

Example 2 Activity of DIG-911 and DIG-180 Insecticidal Toxins Producedin Pseudomonas fluorescens Against CEW Larvae

Sample Preparation and Bioassays.

Inclusion body preparations in 10 mM CAPS pH 10 were diluted in the samebuffer to deliver a dose of 3,000, 1,000, 333.3, 111.1, 37.0, 12.3 or4.1 ng/cm² of the target Cry1Da protein. All bioassays contained controltreatments consisting of 10 mM CAPS pH 10 buffer or water, which servedas background checks for mortality or growth inhibition.

Protein concentrations in bioassay buffer were estimated by gelelectrophoresis using BSA to create a standard curve for geldensitometry, which was measured using a BIORAD imaging system (FLUOR-SMULTIIMAGER with QUANTITY ONE software version 4.5.2). Proteins in thegel matrix were stained with Coomassie Blue-based stain and destainedbefore reading.

Larvae of CEW were hatched from eggs obtained from a colony maintainedby a commercial insectary (BENZON RESEARCH INC., Carlisle, Pa.). Thebioassays were conducted in 128-well plastic trays specifically designedfor insect bioassays (C-D INTERNATIONAL, Pitman, N.J.). Each wellcontained 1.5 mL of Multi-species Lepidoptera diet (SOUTHLAND PRODUCTS,Lake Village, Ark.). A 40 μL aliquot of protein sample was delivered bypipette onto the 1.5 cm² diet surface of each well (26.7 μL/cm²). Dietconcentrations were calculated as the amount (ng) of insecticidal toxinprotein per square centimeter (cm²) of surface area in the well. Thetreated trays were held in a fume hood until the liquid on the dietsurface had evaporated or was absorbed into the diet.

Within 24 to 48 hours of eclosion, individual larvae were picked up witha moistened camel hair brush and deposited on the treated diet, onelarva per well. The infested wells were then sealed with adhesive sheetsof clear plastic, vented to allow gas exchange (C-D INTERNATIONAL).Bioassay trays were held under controlled environmental conditions (28°,˜60% Relative Humidity, 16:8 (Light:Dark)) for 5 days, after which timethe total number of insects exposed to each protein sample, the numberof live and dead insects, and the weight of surviving insects wererecorded. Percent mortality and percent growth inhibition werecalculated for each treatment. Growth inhibition (GI) was calculated asfollows:

GI=[1−(TWIT/TNIT)/(TWIBC/TNIBC)]

-   -   where TWIT is the Total Weight of Insects in the Treatment,    -   TNIT is the Total Number of Insects in the Treatment    -   TWIBC is the Total Weight of Insects in the Background Check        (Buffer control), and    -   TNIBC is the Total Number of Insects in the Background Check        (Buffer control).

The mortality and growth inhibition data were analyzed by a nominallogistic regression (P<0.05). The GI₅₀ was determined to be theconcentration of insecticidal toxin protein in the diet at which the GIvalue was 50%, and the LC50 (50% Lethal Concentration) was recorded asthe concentration of insecticidal toxin protein in the diet at which 50%of test insects were killed. Statistical analysis (One-way ANOVA) wasdone using JMP® Pro software (version 9.0.3; SAS, Cary, N.C.). Table 1shows the activities of DIG-911 and DIG-180 proteins as measured in dietbioassays

TABLE 1 Activities of DIG-911 And Cry1Fa proteins in diet bioassaysagainst neonate larvae of corn earworm (CEW). Mortality GrowthInhibition LC₅₀ GI₅₀ Insect Protein (ng/cm²) 95% CI* (ng/cm²) 95% CI CEWDIG-911 2193 (1551-3351) 75 (49-116) Cry1Fa2 10771  (6158-23007) 94(45-195) *= Confidence Interval

The data of Table 1 document the surprising discovery that the DIG-911protein, comprising the Cry1Da core toxin segment, exhibits bothmortality and growth inhibition activity against corn earworm (CEW)larvae. This result is in contrast to results reported by others thatthe Cry1Da protein is inactive against corn earworm (See Karim et al.(2000) Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 67(3): 198-216; andFrankenhuyzen (2009) Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 101:1-16).

Example 3 Construction of Plant Transformation Vectors

Gateway® (INVITROGEN) entry vectors were constructed by standardmolecular cloning methods. Entry vector pDAB 109825 comprises amaize-optimized coding sequence (SEQ ID NO:5) that encodes a Cry1Da2core toxin insecticidal protein (SEQ ID NO:6). Entry vector pDAB 109840comprises a maize-optimized coding sequence that encodes a Cry1Da2 fulllength insecticidal protein. Plant expression of the Cry1Da2 core toxincoding sequence is under the control of a copy of a maize ubiquitin 1promoter with associated intron 1 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,474). A fragmentcomprising a 3′UTR from a maize peroxidase 5 gene (ZmPer5 3′UTR; U.S.Pat. No. 6,699,984) was used to terminate transcription of the Cry1Da2mRNA. A transformation/expression vector (pDAB109841) forAgrobacterium-mediated maize embryo transformation was constructedthrough the use of standard cloning methods and Gateway® recombinationreactions employing a typical destination binary vector (pDAB 109805)and entry vector pDAB 109825 described above. Binary destination vectorpDAB 109805 comprises an AAD-1 herbicide tolerance protein coding region(U.S. Pat. No. 7,838,733, and Wright et al. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. U.S.A. 107:20240-20245) under the expression control of a copy of asugarcane bacilliform virus promoter (SCBV; essentially as described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,093,569). A synthetic 5′UTR sequence comprised ofsequences from a Maize Streak Virus (MSV) coat protein gene 5′UTR andintron 6 from a maize Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) gene is positionedbetween the 3′ end of the SCBV promoter segment and the start codon ofthe AAD-1 coding region. A fragment comprising a 3′UTR from a maizelipase gene (as above) was used to terminate transcription of the AAD-1mRNA.

A negative control binary vector (pDAB101556) comprised a yellowfluorescent protein (YFP) marker gene coding region (Shagin et al.(2004) Molecular Biology and Evolution 21:841-850) under the expressioncontrol of a copy of a maize ubiquitin 1 promoter with intronl (asabove) and a fragment comprising a 3′UTR from a maize peroxidase 5 gene(ZmPer5 3′UTR; U.S. Pat. No. 6,699,984). pDAB101556 further comprises anAAD-1 herbicide tolerance protein coding region (as above) under theexpression control of a second copy of a maize ubiquitin 1 promoter withintronl (as above), and a 3′UTR from a maize lipase gene (as above).

Example 4 Agrobacterium-Mediated Maize Transformation

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to stably integrate aCry1Da2 core toxin coding region into the plant genome and thus generatetransgenic maize cells, tissues, and plants that produce a full lengthor truncated Cry1Da2 insecticidal protein. Maize transformation methodsemploying superbinary or binary transformation vectors are known in theart, as described, for example, in International PCT Publication No.WO2010/120452. Transformed tissues were selected by their ability togrow on R-Haloxyfop-containing medium.

Agrobacterium Culture Initiation

Glycerol stocks of the project vectors were provided in theAgrobacterium tumefaciens host strain DAt13192 (WO 2012/016222A2).Agrobacterium cultures were streaked from glycerol stocks onto ABminimal medium (Watson, et al., (1975) J. Bacteriology 123:255-264) andincubated at 20° C. in the dark for 3 days containing appropriateantibiotics. The cultures were then streaked onto a plate of YEP medium(gm/L: yeast extract, 10; Peptone, 10; NaCl, 5) with antibiotics andincubated at 20° C. in the dark for 1-3 day.

On the day of an experiment, a mixture of Inoculation Medium andacetosyringone (Frame et al. (2011) Methods in Molecular Biology710:327-341) was prepared in a volume appropriate to the number ofconstructs in the experiment and pipetted into a sterile, disposable,250 mL flask. Inoculation Medium contains: 2.2 gm/L MS salts; ModifiedMS Vitamins (Frame et al., ibid.) 68.4 gm/L sucrose; 36 gm/L glucose;115 mg/L L-proline; and 100 mg/L myo-inositol; at pH 5.4.)Acetosyringone was added to the flask containing Inoculation Medium to afinal concentration of 200 μM from a 1 M stock solution in 100% dimethylsulfoxide.

For each construct, 1 inoculating loopful of Agrobacterium from the YEPplate was suspended in 15 mL of the Inoculation Medium/acetosyringonemixture inside a sterile, disposable, 50 mL centrifuge tube, and theoptical density of the solution at 550 nm (OD₅₅₀) was measured in aspectrophotometer. The suspension was then diluted to OD₅₅₀ of 0.3 to0.4 using additional Inoculation Medium/acetosyringone mixture. The tubeof Agrobacterium suspension was then placed horizontally on a platformshaker set at about 75 rpm at room temperature and shaken for 1 to 4hours before use.

Ear Sterilization and Embryo Isolation.

Ears from Zea mays inbred line B104 (Hallauer, et al. (1997) CropScience 37:1405-1406) were produced in a greenhouse and harvested 10 to12 days post pollination. Harvested ears were de-husked andsurface-sterilized by immersion in a 20% solution of commercial bleach(Ultra Clorox® Germicidal Bleach, 6.15% sodium hypochlorite; with twodrops of TWEEN 20) for 20 minutes, followed by three rinses in sterile,deionized water inside a laminar flow hood. Immature zygotic embryos(1.8 to 2.2 mm long) were aseptically excised from each ear anddistributed into one or more micro-centrifuge tubes containing 2.0 mL ofAgrobacterium suspension into which 2 μL of 10% BREAK-THRU® 5233surfactant (EVONIK INDUSTRIES; Essen, Germany) had been added.

Agrobacterium Co-Cultivation.

Following isolation, the embryos were placed on a rocker platform for 5minutes. The contents of the tube were then poured onto a plate ofCo-cultivation Medium, which contains 4.33 gm/L MS salts; Modified MSVitamins; 30 gm/L sucrose; 700 mg/L L-proline; 3.3 mg/L Dicamba in KOH(3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid or 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid); 100mg/L myo-inositol; 100 mg/L Casein Enzymatic Hydrolysate; 15 mg/L AgNO₃;200 μM acetosyringone in DMSO; and 3 gm/L agar (SIGMA-ALDRICH, plantcell culture tested) at pH 5.8. The liquid Agrobacterium suspension wasremoved with a sterile, disposable, transfer pipette and co-cultivationplate containing the embryos was placed at the back of the laminar flowhood with the lid ajar for 30 minutes, after which time the embryos wereoriented with the scutellum facing up using sterile forceps with the aidof a microscope. The plate was returned to the back of the laminar flowhood with the lid ajar for a further 15 min. The plate was then closed,sealed with 3M™ Micropore™ medical tape, and placed in an incubator at25° C. with continuous light at approximately 60 μEm⁻² sec⁻¹ lightintensity

Callus Selection and Regeneration of Transgenic Events.

Following the co-cultivation period, embryos were transferred to RestingMedium, which is composed of 4.33 gm/L MS salts; Modified MS Vitamins;30 gm/L sucrose; 700 mg/L L-proline; 3.3 mg/L Dicamba in KOH; 100 mg/Lmyo-inositol; 100 mg/L Casein Enzymatic Hydrolysate; 15 mg/L AgNO₃; 0.5gm/L MES (2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid monohydrate;Phytotechnologies labr.; Lenexa, Kans.); 250 mg/L Cefotaxime; and 7.0gm/L agar; at pH 5.8. No more than 36 embryos were moved to each plate.The plates were wrapped with Micropore™ tape and incubated at 27° C.with continuous light at approximately 50 μEm⁻² sec⁻¹ light intensityfor 7 to 10 days. Embryos with callus (<18/plate) were then transferredonto Selection Medium I, which is comprised of Resting Medium (above)but with only 6.5 gm/L agar, and with 100 nM R-Haloxyfop acid (0.0362mg/L. The plates were wrapped with Micropore™ tape and incubated at 27°C. with continuous light at approximately 50 μEm⁻² sec⁻¹ light intensityfor 7 days. Proliferated Callus (<12/plate) were then transferred toSelection Medium II, which is comprised of Resting Medium (above) butwith only 6.5 gm/L agar, and with 500 nM R-Haloxyfop acid (0.181 mg/L).The plates were wrapped and incubated at 27° C. with continuous light atapproximately 50 μEm⁻² sec⁻¹ light intensity for 14 days.

At this stage, resistant calli (<9/plate) were moved to Pre-Regenerationmedium. Pre-Regeneration Medium contains 4.33 gm/L MS salts; Modified MSVitamins; 45 gm/L sucrose; 350 mg/L L-proline; 100 mg/L myo-inositol; 50mg/L Casein Enzymatic Hydrolysate; 1.0 mg/L AgNO₃; 0.5 gm/L MES; 0.5mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid in NaOH; 2.5 mg/L abscisic acid in ethanol;1 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine; 250 mg/L Cefotaxime; 5.5 gm/L agar; and 500nM R-Haloxyfop acid (0.181 mg/L), at pH 5.8. The plates were wrapped andincubated at 27° C. with continuous light at approximately 50 μEm⁻²sec⁻¹ light intensity for 7 days. Regenerating calli (<6/plate) werethen transferred to Regeneration Medium in Phytatrays™ (Sigma-Aldrich)and incubated at 28° C. with 16 hours light/8 hours dark per day atapproximately 150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ light intensity for 14 days or untilshoots developed. Regeneration Medium contains 4.33 gm/L MS salts;Modified MS Vitamins; 60 gm/L sucrose; 0.50 gm/L MES; 125 mg/LCefotaxime; 5.5 gm/L agar; and 500 nM R-Haloxyfop acid (0.181 mg/L), atpH 5.8. Small shoots with primary roots were then isolated andtransferred to Elongation Medium without selection (i.e. RegenerationMedium without R-Haloxyfop acid and with 30 gm/L sucrose instead of 60gm/L sucrose) for further growth. Rooted plantlets about 6 cm or tallerwere transplanted into soil and moved to a growth chamber for hardeningoff.

Transfer and Establishment of T₀ Plants in the Greenhouse for Assay andSeed Production.

Transformed plant tissues selected by their ability to grow on mediumcontaining Haloxyfop were transplanted from Phytatrays™ to small pots(T. O. Plastics, 3.5″ SVD) filled with growing media (PROMIX BX; PremierTech Horticulture), covered with humidomes (Arco Plastics Ltd.), andthen hardened-off in a growth room (28° C. day/24° C. night, 16-hourphotoperiod, 50-70% RH, 200 μEm⁻² sec⁻¹ light intensity). When plantsreached the V3-V4 stage, they were transplanted into Sunshine CustomBlend 160 soil mixture and grown to flowering in the greenhouse (LightExposure Type: Photo or Assimilation; High Light Limit: 1200 PAR;16-hour day length; 27° C. day/24° C. night). Putative transgenicplantlets were analyzed for transgene copy number by quantitativereal-time PCR assays using primers designed to detect relative copynumbers of the transgenes, and events having only one or two copies ofthe integrated Cry1Da2 gene were transplanted into 5 gallon pots.Observations were taken periodically to track any abnormal phenotypes.Plants of the T₁ generation were obtained by self-pollinating the silksof T₀ transgenic plants with pollen collected from the T₀ plants andplanting the resultant seeds. T₁ seeds from event 109841 [3]-106 wereplanted and selected by spraying the plants with Quizalofop, and keepingthe surviving plants until the reproduction stage to obtain silks forcorn earworm bioassays and western blot analyses.

Transgenic maize plants were similarly produced following transformationwith binary vector pDAB 101556 harboring a yellow fluorescent proteingene expression cassette.

Example 5 Molecular and Biochemical Analyses of Transgenic Maize Tissues

Hydrolysis Probe qPCR for copy number analysis. Molecular analyses wereemployed to screen for low copy, simple events. Leaf tissue wascollected from rooted putative transgenic plants before transplanting tosoil. DNA was extracted with a QIAGEN MagAttract™ kit using theBiosprint96, QIAGEN extraction robot and the supplier's recommendedprotocols. Integrated transgene copy number analysis was performed usingspecific Hydrolysis Probe assays for the AAD-1 gene. In addition,contamination by inadvertent integration of the binary vector plasmidbackbone was detected by a Hydrolysis Probe assay specific for theSpectinomycin (Spec) resistance gene borne on the binary vectorbackbone. Hydrolysis Probe assay for endogenous maize genes Invertase;(GenBank™ Accession No. U16123) was developed as internal referencestandard. Table 2 lists the oligonucleotide sequences of the HydrolysisProbe assay components (synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies,Coralville, Iowa & Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). BiplexHydrolysis Probe PCR reactions were set up according to Table 3 withabout 10 ng of DNA, and assay conditions are presented in Table 4.

TABLE 2 List of forward and reverse nucleotide primersand fluorescent probes used for transgene copynumber and relative expression detection. Oligo- SEQ Gene nucleotide IDDetected ID* NO: Sequence AAD-1 AAD1F  7 TGTTCGGTTCCCTCTACCAA AAD1R  8CAACATCCATCACCTTGACTGA AAD1P  9 CACAGAACCGTCGCTTCAGCAACA *(FAM Probe)Spec SPC1A 10 CTTAGCTGGATAACGCCAC SPC1S 11 GACCGTAAGGCTTGATGAA TQSPC 12CGAGATTCTCCGCGCTGTAGA (FAM Probe) Maize InvertaseF 13 TGGCGGACGACGACTTGTInvertase InvertaseR 14 AAAGTTTGGAGGCTGCCGT InvertaseP 15CGAGCAGACCGCCGTGTACTT (HEX Probe) *Fluorescent probe labels are: FAM= 6-Carboxy Fluorescein Amidite; HEX = hexachloro-fluorescein; MGB & VIC= “Minor Groove Binder”; VIC ® is a proprietary fluorescent label fromINVITROGEN.

TABLE 3 Hydrolysis Probe PCR mixture for transgene DNA copy numberanalysis. Reaction Component μL Final Concentration Water 0.6 ROCHE 2XMaster Mix 5 1X Transgene Forward Primer (10 μM) 0.4 0.4 μM TransgeneReverse Primer (10 μM) 0.4 0.4 μM Transgene Probe (5 μM) 0.4 0.2 μMInvertase Forward Primer (10 μM) 0.4 0.4 μM Invertase Reverse Primer (10μM) 0.4 0.4 μM Invertase Probe (5 μM) 0.4 0.2 μM

TABLE 4 Thermocycler conditions for Hydrolysis Probe PCR amplificationPCR Steps Temp (° C.) Time No. of cycles Denature/Activation 95 10 min 1Denature 95 10 sec 40 Anneal/Extend 60 40 sec Acquire 72 1 sec Cool 4010 sec 1

For amplification, LIGHTCYCLER®480 Probes Master mix (Roche AppliedScience, Indianapolis, Ind.) was prepared at 1× final concentration in a10 μL volume multiplex reaction, 0.4 μM of each primer, and 0.2 μM ofeach probe. The FAM (6-Carboxy Fluorescein Amidite) fluorescent moietywas excited at 465 nm and fluorescence was measured at 510 nm; thecorresponding value for the HEX (hexachlorofluorescein) fluorescentmoiety were 533 nm and 580 nm. The level of fluorescence generated foreach reaction was analyzed using the Roche Lightcycler®480 Real-Time PCRsystem according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Transgene copynumber was determined by comparison of Lightcycler®480 outputs ofTarget/Reference gene values for unknown samples to Target/Referencegene values of known copy number standards (1-Copy representinghemizygous plants, 2-Copy representing homozygous plants).

Cp scores, i.e., the point at which the florescence signal crosses thebackground threshold using the fit points algorithm (Lightcycler®software release 1.5), and the Relative Quant module, were used toperform the analysis of real time PCR data.

In the Lightcycler® Fit Points Algorithm software, a graph of the datais made by plotting the logarithm of the input DNA templateconcentration against the measured Cp values. The slope of the curve isa desired comparison parameter; therefore the initial log input numbercan be an arbitrary starting point on the curve, with the caveat thatthe arbitrary concentration values used for input DNA template arerepresentative of the actual serial dilution used. For example, for a10-fold serial dilution series, the actual inputs concentrations may be1000, 100, 10 etc., for which points the LC480 Fit Points Algorithmsoftware plots 3, 2, 1 etc. as the logarithms of the inputs. Using alinear regression, the resulting best fit of this line (input log vs Cp)is then used to estimate a slope (m) from an equation of the formy=mx+b. There is an inverse relationship between the starting templateamount and Cp value, and therefore the slope (m) is always negative.

A perfect (i.e. 100% efficient) PCR reaction doubles the total templateevery cycle. PCR efficiency (Eff) is calculated as: Eff=10e(−1/m). Thus,the slope (m) of the graph of log input vs Cp will be −3.3219 for aperfectly efficient reaction (whose efficiency is defined as 2.00).

In other words, a 100% efficient PCR reaction is defined by:2.0=10e(−1/−3.3219) The LC480 Fit Points Algorithm software reports theefficiency value by the first formula. So a 99% efficient reaction hasan Eff value of 1.99 rather than 0.99. To express this as a percentefficiency, subtract 1 from this value and multiply by 100. Or, %Eff=[(10e(−1/m)-1)]×100

Detection of Plant-Produced Truncated Cry1Da2 Protein.

Proteins were extracted from 200 to 240 mg of ear silks (collected fromunpollinated ears) in 0.6 mL of PBST (PBS buffer containing 0.05% Tween20). A 2 mm steel bead was added, the tubes were capped and secured in aGENO/GRINDER (CERTIPREP; Metuchen, N.J.), and shaken for 5 min at 1500rpm. Tubes were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 7 min at 4° C., andsupernatants containing the soluble proteins were stored at −80° C.until used.

Total protein concentrations were determined using a PIERCE 660 nmPROTEIN ASSAY kit (THERMO SCIENTIFIC; Rockford, Ill.) following thesupplier's instructions. Protein immunoblot analyses were conductedusing a polyclonal antibody generated in rabbits using standardprocedures (See, for example, Harlow, E., and Lane, D. P. (1988)Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Springs Harbor Laboratories, ColdSpring Harbor, N.Y., and updates thereof). Samples were prepared andproteins were separated by electrophoresis through NUPAGE 4-12% Bis-Trisgels in MES running buffer according to the manufacturer's suggestedprotocol for denaturing electrophoresis (INVITROGEN). Proteins weretransferred onto nitrocellulose membrane for 80 min, at 30 V in NUPAGEtransfer buffer. Blots were blocked for 1 hour at room temperature in 5%milk/PBST (PBS with 0.05% Tween-20) and then probed with primaryantibody (specific for Cry1Da core toxin protein) and then secondaryantibodies for one hour each at room temperature in blocking solution,with rinsing in between each antibody for 15 minutes in PBST.Development of blots was done using PIERCE's ECL WESTERN blottingsubstrate according the manufacturer's protocol (THERMO FISHERSCIENTIFIC, Rockford, Ill.). The presence of truncated Cry1Da proteinswas confirmed in extracts from duplicate samples of the silk tissues ofmaize plants generated from event 109841 [3]-106 (plants 109841[3]-106.AJ001.008, 109841[3]-106.AJ001.013, 109841[3]-106.AJ001.020,109841[3]-106.AJ001.027, and 109841 [3]-106.AJ001.028). Two bands weretypically detected, one at mobility corresponding to approximately 65kDa, which corresponds to the molecular size of the Cry1Da2 proteinencoded by construct pDAB109841, and a second band having a mobilitycorresponding to proteins somewhat smaller than 65 kDa. The smallerproteins may correspond to the products remaining after cleavage ofamino acids 1-28 from the N-terminus of the Cry1Da core toxin protein.(Processing of a few N-terminal amino acids from Cry1 proteins is oftendetected.) No such bands were seen in silk extracts from non-transgenicB104 plants.

TABLE 5 Analysis of T1 plants for RNA relative transcript level (RTL)and protein expression. RNA Protein Total total Average Total Averagenumber RNA Total RTL/ expression Total expression Background Descriptionof events Events RTL plants event Western fmole/cm² plants fmole/cm²109840 [1]-254.AJ001  3.7  5 0.7 positive  820  5 164.0 109840[2]-121.AJ001  2.3  5 0.5 negative  356  4  89.0 109840 Cry1Da FL 2background summary  5.9 10 0.6  1176.0  9.0 130.7   |   109841[1]-183.AJ001  2.73  5 0.5 positive  2270  5 454.0 109841 [1]-185. AJ001 1.99  5 0.4 positive  3220  5 644.0 109841 [1]-187.AJ001  1.71  5 0.3positive  2800  5 560.0 109841 [1]-188. AJ001  1.86  5 0.4 negative 3350  5 670.0 109841 [1]-189.AJ 001  2.28  5 0.5  4000  5 800.0 109841[2]-021. AJ001  2.35  5 0.5 negative  2990  5 598.0 109841 [3]-106.AJ001 1.82  5 0.4  3670  5 734.0 109841 [3]-108.AJ001  2.62  5 0.5  4750  5950.0 109841 [3]-116. AJ001  3.16  5 0.6 positive  3910  5 782.0 109841Cry1Da Tr 9 background summary 20.52 45 0.5 30960.00 45.00 688.0*Measurements were conducted by Western analysis and quantified byLC/MS/MS as known in the art.

Example 6 Bioassay of Transgenic Maize Tissues

V5 Leaf Bioassays with T₁ Maize Events.

Bioassay trays (32-wells/tray; C-D International) were partially filledwith a 2% agar solution and the agar was allowed to solidify. Two leafsections (about one square inch in area) were taken from each plant andeach was placed in a separate well of the 32-well trays. Ten neonateHelicoverpa zea (CEW) larvae (about 24 to 48 hr after eclosion) wereplaced into each well. The trays were sealed with perforated sticky lidsto allow ventilation during the test and were then placed at 28° C., 40%RH, 16 hours light: 8 hours dark. After three days, a simple percentleaf area damage score was taken for each leaf piece. Damage scores foreach test were averaged.

Corn Earworm Silk Bioassays.

Unpollinated ears were collected, their length was measured, and theears were stored at 4° C. until used for bioassay. About 10 mL of 2%water agar was placed in the bottom each assay well (about 1 inchsquare) of a 32-well-bioassay tray to supply moisture to the silks andcorn earworm larvae. Five strands of silks (about 10 cm long) were fedto two CEW neonates in each well. Each event was tested in fourreplicates (wells) in a completely randomized format. After insectinfestation, trays were sealed with perforated sticky lids to allowventilation during the test. Trays were placed at 28° C., 60% RH, 16hours light:8 hours dark. At 3 days after infestation, the percent silkdamage was recorded by visual assessment of the amount of feces on thesilk tissues. The numbers of alive, dead and missing insects wererecorded per event and percent larval mortality was estimated.

Plant-Produced Cry1Da Activity on CEW Larvae.

Immunoblot analyses detected Cry1Da core toxin protein in silks of earsof T₁ pDAB109841 transgenic plants, and the silks provided excellentprotection against feeding damage by H. zea larvae, having only 4.6%silk damage in the bioassays (Table 6). Silks from negative controltransgenic maize plants producing the non-insecticidal yellowfluorescent protein (YFP; construct pDAB 101556), or non-transgenic B104plants, experienced 90% to 95% mean silk damage by H. zea larvae. Inaddition, the mortality of larvae feeding on silk from plants producingthe Cry1Da core toxin protein was 26.8%, while no mortality of thelarvae was observed on the negative control plant samples. The Cry1Daconstruct gave excellent leaf protection of the V5 stage samples, withthe pDAB109851 transgenic plants having 12% to 25% leaf damage caused byH. zea (Table 6), whereas the negative control plants (B104 andYFP-producing) experienced almost 100% leaf damage. The results fromboth silk and leaf bioassays demonstrated that the Cry1Da core toxinprotein is highly effective in protecting maize plants from damage fromH. zea larvae.

TABLE 6 Results of bioassays with H. zea neonate larvae on samples fromCry1Da core toxin-producing plants, as compared to negative controlplants. Means within a column were separated by the Tukey-Kramer HSDtest. Cry1Da Protein Ear Length % CEW Mean % Silk Mean Leaf Plant IDimmunoblot (cm) Mortality* Damage* Damage at V5 pDAB109841 Events109841[3]-106.AJ001.008 + 11.4 0.0 5.0 25 109841[3]-106.AJ001.008 + 14.228.6 7.5 109841[3]-106.AJ001.013 + 13.6 0.0 5.0 16.7109841[3]-106.AJ001.013 + 14 12.5 3.8 109841[3]-106.AJ001.020 + 11.950.0 2.5 20 109841[3]-106.AJ001.020 + 16.3 50.0 5.0109841[3]-106.AJ001.027 + 12.5 75.0 3.8 20 109841[3]-106.AJ001.027 +13.2 37.5 3.8 109841[3]-106.AJ001.028 + 13.9 14.3 5.0 11.7109841[3]-106.AJ001.028 + 11.2 0.0 5.0 Overall Averages NA** 13.2 26.8(A)*** 4.6 (B)*** 18.7 (B)*** Transgenic Negative Controls: pDAB101556Events 101556[3]-004.001AJ.002 − 9.9 0.0 86.3 95-100101556[3]-004.001AJ.002 − 18.5 0.0 83.8 101556[3]-004.001AJ.002 − 13.90.0 95.0 101556[3]-004.001AJ.007 − 15 0.0 95.0 101556[3]-004.001AJ.008 −12.7 0.0 93.8 Overall Averages NA 14.2 0.0 (B) 90.8 (A) 95-100 (A)Non-transgenic Negative Controls: B104 Plants B104 #46749 − 9 0.0 88.395-100 B104 #47153 − 9.4 0.0 97.5 B104 #47153 − 12.2 0.0 96.3 B104#47156 − 13.7 0.0 95.0 B104 #47157 − 14.1 0.0 91.7 B104 #47869 − 12.60.0 97.5 B104 #47870 − 11.4 0.0 98.8 Overall Averages NA 11.8 0.0 (B)95.0 (A) 95-100 (A) *Average of 4 replicates **NA = Not Applicable***Levels not connected by same letter within a column are significantlydifferent.

Table 7 shows percent mortality, percent leaf damage and percent silkdamage of H. zea. The amount of silk damage was scored according tovisual insect frass amount on the tissues. Percentage leaf damage wasscored according to visual assessment of the larval feeding area on 1inch square leaf cutting. Maize variety B104 and construct 101556 (orconstruct 109812 for leaf damage) were negative controls from the hybridcultivar and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) control respectively,while HX1 was a commercial hybrid Herculex® I, expressing Cry1Faprotein. Construct 109841 was T1 maize expressing the truncated versionof the Cry1Da. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer meansseparation test.

TABLE 7 Percent mortality, percent leaf damage and percent silk damageof H. zea. % Mortality ± % Silk Damage ± % Leaf Damage ± Treatment SEM*SEM* SEM* 109841 26.79 ± 5.41 (A)     4.64 ± 1.9 (A)  16.5 ± 0.59 (A)HX1 4.17 ± 9.87 (AB)   39.2 ± 3.47 (B)  18.9 ± 2.27 (A) 101556 or 0 ±7.65 (B) 90.78 ± 2.69 (C) 97.77 ± 2.27 (B) 109812** B104 0 ± 6.46 (B)95.01 ± 2.27 (C) 95.53 ± 2.27 (B) *Sem = Standard Error of the Mean.Letters in parentheses designate statistical levels. Levels notconnected by same letter are significantly different (P < 0.05).**Construct 109812 was the YFP negative control for the leaf damagebioassay.

Example 7 Field Efficacy of Cry1Da Core Toxin Protein Against CEW

Seeds from eight T₁ pDAB 109841 transgenic B104 events were tested infield test plots at the DOW AGROSCIENCES Field Station, Fowler, Ind.These events had been analyzed by molecular techniques as describedabove and were found to be single copy events having no detectablebinary vector backbone sequences. All of the events were tested as T₁plants segregating 1:1 (hemizygous:null) for the Cry1Da/AAD1 integrationevent. Negative controls were nontransgenic B104 (Null) plants.

Test plots contained one 20 foot row for each tested insect species.Treatments were planted in a randomized complete block design with fourreplicates. The experimental entries were treated at the V2 stage withASSURE® II (DUPONT™ CROP PROTECTION, Wilmington, Del.) at 184 gmacid-equivalents per hectare (ae/ha)+1% COC to eliminate the nullplants. ASSURE® II contains active ingredient (ai) Quizalofop P-EthylEthyl(R)-2-4-[4-6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl oxy)-phenoxy]propionate. Thecommercial product contains 0.88 lb ai per gallon and 1.0% (v/v) cropoil concentrate (COC). COC is an emulsifiable refined paraffinic oilcontaining about 85% paraffinic oil and about 15% emulsifiers. Standcounts were taken 2 weeks after treatment. Five plants per plot wereevaluated for insect damage.

Corn earworm eggs (CEW; Helicoverpa zea Boddie) were supplied by BENZONRESEARCH. To assess efficacy against CEW, each plant received 5second-instar CEW larvae on the silks of ears on 2012/08/21 duringflowering (principal growth stage #6). On 2012/09/04, ears were examinedfor live larvae and feeding damage, determined according to the criterialisted in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Criteria for corm earworm damage assessment Score Criterion 0 Nodamage to silks, husks, cob tip, or kernels 1 Slight damage to silks orhusks only; No cob tip damage or kernels consumed 2 Moderate damage tosilks or husks only; No cob tip damage or kernels consumed 3 Moderatedamage to silks or husks; Slight damage to cob tips, No kernels consumed4 Moderate damage to silks, husks, cob tips; Slight damage to kernels,0.1 to 1.0 cm kernel area consumed (<2 kernels) 5 Moderate damage tosilks, husks, cob tips; Moderate damage to kernels, >1.0 to 2.0 cm ofkernel area consumed (3 to 5 kernels) 6 Heavy damage to silks, husks,cob tips; Moderate damage to kernels, >2.0 to 4.0 cm of kernel areaconsumed (6 to 10 kernels) 7 Heavy damage to silks, husks, cob tips;Heavy damage to kernels, >4.0 to 6.0 cm of kernel area consumed (11 to15 kernels) 8 Severe damage to silks, husks, cob tips, possibly multipleear entry locations; Severe damage to kernels, >6.0 to 10.0 cm of kernelarea consumed (16 to 25 kernels)

Quantitative Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assays (ELISA) using standardprotocols were used to evaluate Cry1Da leaf protein levels in eachevent. The ELISAs were performed using multiple dilutions of plantextracts and using reagents and instructions essentially as provided byELISA kit suppliers. Cry1Da antibody as described above was used.

TABLE 9 Results of analytical and insect feeding tests on field-grownplants. Means were separated by the Tukey-Kramer HSD test. CEW No. ofKernels Number of Ear FAW Leaf Cry1Da Consumed Insects Feeding FoliarPlant ID (ng/cm²) per Ear per Ear Scale Damage B104/pDAB109841 135.200.36 0.08 1.28 3.90 {2)021.001 (A)* (C) (C) (C)(D) (B)(C)B104/pDAB109841 135.13 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 {3) 108.001 (A) (C) (C) (D)(D) B104/pDAB109841 134.75 5.15 0.29 1.97 3.80 {1) 189.001 (A) (C) (C)(C)(D) (B)(C)(D) B104/pDAB109841 122.15 0.00 0.05 1.03 3.40 {1) 188.001(A)(B) (C) (C) (D) (B)(C)(D) B104/pDAB109841 107.53 0.11 0.22 1.19 2.80{3)116.001 (A)(B)(C) (C) (C) (C)(D) (B)(C)(D) B104/pDAB109841 103.205.16 0.32 2.03 4.16 {1)187.001 (A)(B)(C) (C) (C) (C)(D) (B)(C)B104/pDAB109841  89.58 1.62 0.08 1.42 4.07 {1)183.001 (B)(C) (C) (C)(C)(D) (B)(C) B104/pDAB109841  67.95 0.00 0.03 1.00 4.45 {1)185.001 (C)(C) (C) (D) (B) Negative Control Plants Null (B104) N/A 32.46  1.26 5.577.95 (B) (B) (B) (A) *Levels not connected by same letter aresignificantly different. ** N/A = Not Applicable

There was a broad range of Cry1Da accumulation levels, from 67 ng/cm to135 ng/cm² All of the pDAB 109841 events tested provided a statisticallysimilar level of protection against CEW, at both the kernel consumptionand ear infestation levels, regardless of Cry1Da production level.

REFERENCES

-   Frankenhuyzen, K. 2009. Minireview: Insecticidal activity of    Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins. Journal of Invertebrate    Pathology. 101:1-16.-   Karim S., Ridzuddin, S., Gould, F., Dean, D. H. 2000. Determination    of Receptor Binding Properties of Bacillus thuringiensis    δ-Endotoxins to Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) and Pink Bollworm    (Pectinophora gossypiella) Midgut Brush Border Membrane Vesicles.    Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 67(3): 198-216.-   Höfte, H., P. Soetaert, S. Jansens, and M. Peferoen. 1990.    Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of a new    Lepidoptera-specific crystal protein gene from Bacillus    thuringiensis. Nucl. Acids Res. 18:5545.-   Payne, J., and A. J. Sick. 1997. U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,308.

1. A method of controlling corn earworm damage to plants, said method comprising providing a Cry1Da insecticidal protein or variant to said corn earworm for ingestion.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said Cry1Da insecticidal protein or variant is produced by and is present in a plant cell.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said Cry1Da insecticidal protein or variant is produced by and is present in a fertile whole plant.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said Cry1Da insecticidal protein comprises a core toxin region that is at least 95% identical with SEQ ID NO:
 6. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said Cry1Da insecticidal protein comprises a core toxin region that is at least 99% identical with SEQ ID NO:
 6. 6. The method of claim 4 wherein said plant is selected from the group consisting of corn, soybean, and cotton.
 7. A plurality of plants in a field comprising non-Bt refuge plants and a plurality of plants of expressing an insecticideal protein comprising a Cry1Da core toxin, wherein said refuge plants comprise less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of all crop plants in said field.
 8. The plurality of plants of claim 7, wherein said plants occupy more than 10 acres.
 9. The plurality of plants of claim 7, wherein there are no refuge plants.
 10. The plurality of plants of claim 7, wherein said refuge plants are in blocks or strips.
 11. (canceled)
 12. A method of controlling a corn earworm insect by allowing said insect to feed on the plant of claim
 7. 13. A method of controlling corn earworm damage to plants, said method comprising transforming a plant cell with a DNA sequence that expresses a coding region comprising SEQ ID NO:6, regenerating a fertile transgenic plant from said transformed plant cell, collecting seeds bearing said DNA sequence from said transformed plants, growing the seeds of said transformed plant, and allowing said corn earworm to feed on the protein expressed by said DNA sequence.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the DNA sequence is at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:6.
 15. (canceled)
 16. (canceled) 